Preemption Line Archives

The Last Manila Folder

By Chris Carosa on September 29, 2026

You may not have seen me around recently. That’s because it’s September. Or at least it was at the time I wrote this. It may be October by the time you read this.

Doesn’t matter. Every year around this time, I start filing away manila folders. It generally begins in mid-September, with the last one archived by the first week of October.

What’s in these mysterious folders?

A very small slice of my life.

Small.

But intense.

For, though the time may seem short, the mileage isn’t. And, if there’s one thing you have to remember, it’s not about the time, it’s about the mileage.

Now, here’s the misleading thing: this collection of folded manila card stock doesn’t even tell Continue Reading “The Last Manila Folder”

Posted in Business Tips, Memoir of a Real Life, The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged AI, Albany Business Review, authority, Bullfinch Fund, Carosa Stanton Asset Management, Catskills, East Aurora, Greater Western New York, Mendon-Honeoye Falls-Lima Sentinel, networking, New York Press Association, organizing, Preemption Line, Rebecca Capparelli, SEC, Utica, Walter Thorne

The Birth Of Western New York: Treaty of Hartford Explained

By Chris Carosa on June 30, 2026

December 16, 1786. The birth nobody noticed.

There were no celebrations. No proclamations. No public awareness.

The Treaty of Hartford untangled a century of confusion. Yet there was very little newspaper coverage of the event. Maybe because New England had more important news to cover.

Still, the long-term consequences could not be denied. The Commissioners in Hartford quietly altered the future of more than six million acres.

The birthplace of Greater Western New York was not a battlefield, a frontier settlement, or an Indian council fire. Rather, it took place at a cold negotiating table in Hartford, Connecticut.

It’s ironic that the formal birth of Western New York occurred during a raging snowstorm. The Continue Reading “The Birth Of Western New York: Treaty of Hartford Explained”

Posted in History, The Compleat Carosa Commentaries, Western New York State of Mind Tagged 1786, Articles of Confederation, British, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Congress, December 16, Egbert Benson, financial crisis, Genesee Country, Hartford Treaty of Cession, James Bowdoin, James Duane, James Sullivan, John Adams, John Haring, John Lowell, Massachusetts, Melancton Smith, Mrs. Hayley, Mrs. Jeffrey, New York, Preemption Line, Revolutionary War, Robert R. Livingston, Robert Yates, Rufus King, Shays Rebellion, split sovereignty, State of New York, Theophilus Parsons, Treaty of Hartford, Treaty of Paris, Vermont, Western New York, Wyoming

Lafayette’s Farewell Tour: The Great Central Trail Becomes The State Road

By Chris Carosa on July 16, 2024

Previous: Pomp, Circumstance, Before Lunch In Geneva

The Cayuga Bridge helped improve travel times on the Great Genesee Road, which eventually became Routes 5 & 20. Source: Barber, John W., and Howe, Henry, Historical collections of the state of New York, S. Tuttle, New York 1842, p. 79

As General Dwight D. Eisenhower led the Allied effort into the heart of the Nazi regime, he couldn’t help but notice the transportation infrastructure that strengthened the defense of his opponent. Hitler began construction of his Reichautobahn in the 1930s. Although designed primarily for civilian use, war reports during the Eisenhower’s push into Germany in 1944 and 1945 repeatedly referenced the autobahn, “Hitler’s Superhighway.”¹

Impressed by these autobahns, Eisenhower proposed an interstate highway system once Continue Reading “Lafayette’s Farewell Tour: The Great Central Trail Becomes The State Road”

Posted in History, Western New York State of Mind Tagged Albany, Auburn, Augustus Porter, autobahn, Buffalo, Canandaigua, Cayuga Bridge, Central Trail, Charles Williamson, civil defense, Dr. Peter Wilson, Dwight D. Eisenhower, England, Erie Canal, Genesee Country, Genesee River, Genesee Road, Geneva, Great Central Trail, Great Genesee Road, Greater Western New York, Hitler, Interstate Highway System, Iroquois Confederacy, Jesuits, Main Genesee Road, Massachusetts, New York State Thruway, Old Fort Schuyler, Onondaga Escarpment, Ontario County, Phelps and Gorham, Preemption Line, railroads, Reichautobahn, road, Roman, Roman Empire, Rome, Routes 5 & 20, Seneca, Seneca Falls, Seneca Turnpike, Seneca Turnpike Road Company, State Road, The Beaten Road, The President and Directors of the Seneca Road Company, Utica, Waterloo

Lafayette’s Farewell Tour: How Commonality Saved Captain Charles Williamson And Western New York

By Chris Carosa on July 9, 2024

Previous: Canandaigua Anxiously Waits Before Jubilation And An Elegant Supper

Captain Charles Williamson was responsible for developing much of the Genesee Country between Preemption Line and the Genesee River. Source: Main, William, Charles Williamson, Cowan & Co., Ltd., Perth, 1899, frontpiece

He was a proud Tory and Captain in the British army who volunteered to fight for King George III against the rebellious colonists. She was a proud Patriot whose father graciously saw in this prisoner of war a common human element.

Before we get into this backstory, let’s review why it’s so important.

In December 1786, the states of New York and Massachusetts agreed to resolve a conflict started by the kings of England. Those monarchs made a royal mess of Western New York, at one time or another granting rights to all or portions of it to no less than five colonies.

By the end of the American Revolution, three states had claims to the Greater Western New York region: New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut (a sliver along the southern tier). With Connecticut quickly quitting its claim, New York and Massachusetts stood nose-to-nose. With the Articles of Confederation dissolving, the two states decided to circumvent that ineffective parchment and meet in neutral territory. Ironically, this meeting took place in the state of Continue Reading “Lafayette’s Farewell Tour: How Commonality Saved Captain Charles Williamson And Western New York”

Posted in Gray Matter Musings, History, Western New York State of Mind Tagged Abagail Newell, Articles of Confederation, Bath, Boston, Canada, Charles Williamson, Colonel Hugh Maxwell, Connecticut, Edinburgh Regiment, Genesee Trail, Geneva, George Washington, Iroquois Confederacy, John Graves Simcoe, Joseph Ellicott, King George III, Massachusetts, Nathaniel Gorham, New York, Newburyport, Oliver Phelps, Patrick Colquhoun, Preemption Line, Revolutionary War, Robert Morris, Roger Hale Sheaffe, Route 5 & 20, Sir William Pulteney, Sodus, State Road, The Association, The Gore, Treaty of Hartford, William Hornby

Lafayette’s Farewell Tour: Augustus Porter Could Have Danced All Night

By Chris Carosa on June 4, 2024

Previous: Breakfast At Black Rock Then On To Tonawanda

Judge Augustus Porter, Source: Orsamus, Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase of Western New York, Jewett, Thomas & Co., 1849, p.358a

Anna Spencer Foster loved the Genesee Country. Born in East Haddam, Connecticut in 1777,¹ by the time she was nineteen in 1796 she was living in Palmyra (then in Ontario County) with her first husband Moody Stone.² The young couple traveled freely through the challenging frontier of Greater Western New York. That year, the young couple forded the Genesee River above the falls to visit her sister and brother-in-law. On the way, they passed through Irondequoit and Rochester (where “there was but one house”).³

Late in the fall of 1796, Nathan Harris hosted a “husking frolic” at his home in that growing settlement.⁴ In general, these social events allowed neighbors to gather to work on a particular task, then party upon the completion of that task. The tasks could range anywhere and included “husking bees, raisings, quiltings, and pumpkin pearings.”⁵

Harris, known as “Uncle Nathan,” as the jolly newcomer soon became known as, had Continue Reading “Lafayette’s Farewell Tour: Augustus Porter Could Have Danced All Night”

Posted in History, Western New York State of Mind Tagged Albert H. Porter, Anna Spencer Foster, Augustus Porter, Benjamin Barton, Black Rock, Canandaigua, Connecticut Land Company, Connecticut Reserve, Corn Planter, De Witt Clinton, East Bloomfield, Erie County, Farmer's Brother, Fort Niagara, Genesee River, Goat Island, Henry Clay, husking frolic, Irondequoit, James Monroe, John Jacob Astor, Joseph Annin, Joseph Ellicott, Lafayette, Lewiston, Moody Stone, Nathan Harris, Niagara River, Ontario County, Palmyra, Peter B. Porter, Phelps and Gorham Purchase, Preemption Line, Red Jacket, Utica, Yale

Lafayette’s Farewell Tour: The State Of Greater Western New York In 1825

By Chris Carosa on April 23, 2024

Previous: Lafayette Prepares To Enter The Greater Western New York Region

WNY portion of 1825 map published by H.S. Tanner, 177 Chestnut St. Philadelphia.

Remember how excited you were when you began a new school year, started a new job, or moved to a new place? Life fills you with promise and anticipation. You can’t wait to wake up and start the next day. Everything is sunshine and roses.

Then reality inevitably interrupts. Things get overwhelming. Despair and sometimes desperation set in. It seems as if you’re trapped. You can’t see a way out.

But, somehow, you find a way. You get over that hump. (Because, when you get over things, what once seemed like an overbearing mountain now appears as nothing more than a mere bothersome bump.)

Again, you look forward to tomorrow with an enthusiasm you thought you’d never again have.

Such was the state of Greater Western New York. It began as an enthusiastic rush into the Continue Reading “Lafayette’s Farewell Tour: The State Of Greater Western New York In 1825”

Posted in History, Western New York State of Mind Tagged Aaron Miller, Batavia, Black Rock, Britain, Buffalo, Byron, Canada, Canandaigua, E.F. Warren, Erie Canal, Genesee Country, Geneva, Herkimer, Indonesia, Iroquois Confederacy, John Butler, Joseph Ellicott, Lafayette, lease, Lessees, Massachusetts, Mount Tambora, New York, New York Genesee Land Company, Niagara Falls, Niagara Genesee Land Company, Ontario, Orsamus Turner, Otsego, Phelps & Gorham, Phelps and Gorham, Preemption Line, Revolutionary War, Rochester, Seneca, Six Nations, Tioga, Treaty of Hartford, War of 1812, Warren

What (And Why) Is Greater Western New York?

By Chris Carosa on July 13, 2021

1779 map of Sullivan Campaign

Believe it or not, we’re fast approaching a seminal anniversary in the history of Greater Western New York. At some point in the final days of August 1779, the first scouts of the Sullivan Expedition represented the first citizens of the new nation to step foot into what would become Greater Western New York.

They weren’t the first people in Greater Western New York. They weren’t even the first of European descent to enter the region.

They were, however, the first Americans to do so. And that is why Greater Western New York is often referred to as “America’s First Frontier.”

For those who were absent from school when they taught this, the Sullivan Expedition, Continue Reading “What (And Why) Is Greater Western New York?”

Posted in The Compleat Carosa Commentaries, Western New York State of Mind Tagged Adam Hubley, Butler's Rangers, Chemung County, Cherry Hill, Conesus, Elmira, George Washington, German Flatts, Groveland, John Burrowes, John Sullivan, Michael Parker, Niagara River, Preemption Line, Revolutionary War, Saratoga, Sullivan Campaign, Sullivan Expedition, Thomas Boyd, War of 1812, Wyoming Massacre

Juneteenth Reveals Another Hidden Gem of Greater Western New York

By Chris Carosa on June 22, 2021

The Civil War offers many heroes from Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant to William Tecumseh Sherman. (In fairness, the War Between the States provide quite a few villains, too – on both sides – but no need to belabor the half-empty glass.)

We know quite a few of these heroes, like Rochester’s Colonel Patrick H. O’Rorke, who was killed at Gettysburg while leading his men into action on Little Round Top, gave their ultimate in the fight to free the slaves.

Some heroes, whose significance fades with the passage of time, are occasionally rediscovered as changing perspective once again shines light on their distinguished acts of bravery, perseverance, and devotion that sets them apart from their fellow soldiers.

Today’s news has elevated the stature of Gordon Granger, a man who might have single handedly changed the outcome of the Civil War.

If you travel just south of the Village of Sodus in Wayne County, you’ll find County Road Continue Reading “Juneteenth Reveals Another Hidden Gem of Greater Western New York”

Posted in The Compleat Carosa Commentaries, Western New York State of Mind Tagged Abraham Lincoln, Battle of Chickamauga, Benjamin Joy, Braxton Bragg, Burnside, Catherine Taylor, Chattanooga, Civil War, Connecticut, District of Texas, Elihu Granger, Farragut, Gaius Granger, General Sullivan, George H. Thomas, George S. Patton, Gettysburg, Gordon Granger, John Decker Robinson, Joy, Juneteenth, Knoxville, Launcelot Granger, Massachusetts, Mobile Bay, Nathaniel Gorham, Oliver Phelps, Ontario County, Patrick H. O'Rorke, Phelps, Pierce Granger, Plymouth, Preemption Line, Sally Emery, Sodus, Turkey Hill, Ulysses S. Grant, Wayne County, William Rosencrans, William Tecumseh Sherman

5 Reasons Why Splitting From New York Would be a Bonanza for Greater Western New York

By Chris Carosa on March 19, 2019

A few weeks ago a Syracuse media outlet published an article denouncing the idea of splitting New York into multiple states. It is recommended that you read that article before reading this one. The article was entitled “5 reasons why splitting New York would be a disaster for Upstate,” by Mark Weiner. It appeared on March 5, 2019 on the NYUp.com website. [The on-line version of this Carosa Commentary contains a live link to that article.]

What follows is meant to mimic Weiner’s article by using the same data and quotes to reach a 180° opposite conclusion. It starts with the very title. Weiner concludes “studies show the split into two states would likely be an economic disaster for Upstate New York, experts say. The region simply depends too heavily on taxes and fees paid by wealthy residents and corporations in New York City and its suburbs.” I’ll present his very same arguments, with very little additional information, and come to a completely Continue Reading “5 Reasons Why Splitting From New York Would be a Bonanza for Greater Western New York”

Posted in The Compleat Carosa Commentaries, Western New York State of Mind Tagged Albany, David Friedfel, E.J. McMahon, Empire Center for Public Policy, Falconer, Jamestown, M&T Bank, Mark Weiner, Mark's Pizzeria, minimum wage, New York, New York Association of Counties, New York City, Preemption Line, Rockefeller Institute of Government, SUNY, Truck-Lite

We Preempt Westward American Expansion for…

By Chris Carosa on August 16, 2012

A funny thing happened on the way to researching my book 50 Hidden Gems of Greater Western New York. For years I had been trying to explain to people just what exactly I meant by “Greater Western New York.” From a regional mutual fund’s perspective, it was easy. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires all regional funds to specify the municipalities covered by the fund. In the case where a fund’s region encompasses only a portion of a state, the fund’s prospectus must list all the counties included in its unique definition of the region covered. Like I said, from the SEC’s standpoint, defining Greater Western New York was easy.

Beyond that, though, I had to justify why we chose those particular counties. This was especially important because we market the fund only to New York residents, specifically, Western New York residents. And the folks we consider “Western” New York residents don’t necessarily consider themselves “western.” Or, in the case of those in the Buffalo-Niagara metropolitan area, they don’t consider Continue Reading “We Preempt Westward American Expansion for…”

Posted in Western New York State of Mind Tagged 50 Hidden Gems, 82nd milestone, Buffalo, Central New York, Charles I, Charles II, Colonel Hugh Maxwell, Connecticut Colony, Duke of York, Geneva, Greater Western New York, James I, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Monroe County, Niagara Falls, North Virginia, Ontario County, Pennsylvania, Pre-Emption Line, Pre-Emption Road, Pre-Emption Street, Preemption Line, Rochester, Royal Patent, Seneca County, Southern Tier, Treaty of Hartford, Upstate, Warwick Grant, Waterloo, Western New York, William Penn