Physics Archives - Chris Carosa

On The Wings Of Butterflies

By Chris Carosa on October 20, 2026

Have you ever replied to a simple, innocent question on impulse and then immediately thought, “Oh no! What have I just done?”

I recently attended a presentation. Nothing unusual about this. This time of year, I attend a lot of presentations. And, as is the norm, I sat in the front row.

There’s a reason for that. Sometimes presenters make their PowerPoint font one size too small to read from anywhere but the front row. Also, if I have a question, it’s easier for the presenter to hear me.

Now, there is a downside to this seating choice. Not only does it make the speaker more Continue Reading “On The Wings Of Butterflies”

Posted in Gray Matter Musings, Memoir of a Real Life, The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged A Sound of Thunder, astronomy, Butterfly Effect, Chaos Theory, Domino Theory, Edward Norton Lorenz, Homer, impostor syndrome, Jacques Salomon Hadamard, James Clerk Maxwell, Jules Henri Poincaré, math, mathematics, meteorology, nonlinear differential equations, Philip Merilees, Physics, Ray Bradbury, Robert M. May, Simpsons

The Empirical Past vs. The Remembered Past

By Chris Carosa on February 25, 2025

If you don’t know it by now, I like to tell stories. While I enjoy spinning yarns on historical events that captivate audiences, I much prefer those drama-in-(my)-real-life vignettes that allow me to explore fun lessons I lived through. Indeed, one of the first Carosa Commentary columns published in these pages told a coming-of-age tale that really took place at the bus stop when I was in fourth grade. It was a three-part series (that began with “Terror at the School Bus Stop—A True-Life Story (Part I),” Mendon-Honeoye Falls-Lima Sentinel, January 11, 1990).

The trouble with these personal stories is that they’re personal. Unless I can figure out a way Continue Reading “The Empirical Past vs. The Remembered Past”

Posted in Gray Matter Musings, Memoir of a Real Life, The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged Abbott Parkway, acausal, Carosa Commentary, classical physicist, determinism, entanglement, future, Kenny, memory, past, philosophy, Physics, present, psychology, quantum philosophy, quantum physics, retrocausality, School Bus Stop, Schrodinger's cat, superposition of states, Teresa, Time, Time Travel, wave-particle duality

What Did You Learn From Oppenheimer?

By Chris Carosa on August 29, 2023

When you’re a hammer, everything looks like a nail. When you’re a physics and astronomy major swimming in a sea of humanities majors, everything looks like an atom.

Or, quite possibly, a planet.

I guess it depends if you’re talking to someone who just got out of a micro-economics course or a macro-economics course.

Here’s the thing about majoring in physics in astronomy. Back when I did it, it was considered a double major. In reality, given the amount of required math courses, it was really a triple major. Only the folks in New Haven didn’t officially recognize triple majors.

The point, however, is that your schedule doesn’t have a lot of room for much of anything else.

Now, here comes the twist. On top of all those courses required for the physics and Continue Reading “What Did You Learn From Oppenheimer?”

Posted in Memoir of a Real Life, Movie Reviews, The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged A-bomb, astronomy, atomic, Churchill, Liberal Arts, Los Alamos, Manhattan Project, Oppenheimer, Physics, Plato, Potsdam, Pythagoras, quadrivium, Richard Feynman, Scarecrow, Stalin, Truman, White Sands, Wizard of Oz

Journey Beyond The Center Of The ‘Stacks’

By Chris Carosa on August 10, 2021

Science majors got their own libraries. These contained the specialized journals of their respective fields. Much smaller than expansive University-wide libraries, they offered cozier confines, their size based on the number of students majoring in that subject.

Yale’s Astronomy Library was also probably the smallest library on campus. I was the only Astronomy & Physics major in my class. (Back in my day, the only way you could major in astronomy was to double major in physics. It was a lot of classes, with precious little room for elective courses like philosophy, literature, history, and, well, just about everything else.)

My virtually personal reference room was a treasure trove of ancient knowledge. And by ‘ancient’ I mean the actual data is centuries old. Astronomy, for the most part, collects light data from distant stars, galaxies, and nebulae. The objects responsible for these traveling photons lie lightyears distant, sometimes thousands of light years away.

While a light year represents a measure of distance, it also tells you how long ago the Continue Reading “Journey Beyond The Center Of The ‘Stacks’”

Posted in Memoir of a Real Life, The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged Antares, astronomy, atomic bomb, Cross Campus Library, J.W. Gibbs, lasagna, Library, magazine, Magna Carta, microwave popcorn, Orville Redenbacher, Physics, Proxima Centauri, stacks, Sterling Memorial Library, World War II, Yale

The World – The Universe – That Might Have Been… (Part I)

By Chris Carosa on October 15, 2019

There’s this thing. It’s called the “multiverse.” Today we think of it as a series of parallel universes that exist simultaneously. This definition stems from a “lunatic” speculative physical interpretation of his mathematical equations made by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger’s in a 1952 Dublin lecture.

Oddly, American psychologist and philosopher William James originally coined the term in his May 1895 lecture “Is Life Worth Living?” presented to the Young Men’s Christian Association of Harvard University. James meant it to mean a chaotic amoral alternative to the universe we live in.

Today, scientists and science fiction writers prefer Schrödinger’s meaning. The multiverse theory officially emerged with a 1957 paper by Continue Reading “The World – The Universe – That Might Have Been… (Part I)”

Posted in Memoir of a Real Life, The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged acausal, Apollo, astronomy, Big Tree Elementary, Bill Gutsch, Bryce DeWitt, Channel 13, determist, Electricity and Magnetism, Erwin Schrodinger, Good Morning America, Hugh Everett, Physics, quantum physics, Strasenburgh Planetarium, telescope, third grade, Willam James, William Gutsch, Woodlawn Elementary, Yale

Speed versus Accuracy? It All Depends on the Game

By Chris Carosa on March 7, 2017

Quantum physics is weird. Despite studying it for four intense years under the tutelage of some of the most elite professors in the field, I didn’t really get it until I read The Cosmic Code shortly after I earned my degree. Written by Heinz Pagels, a physicist and frequent contributor to The New York Times on topics like cosmology and other fun science subjects, the book explained the complex concepts of physics to the lowly layman. Of course, my curriculum vitae might suggest I’m not a lowly layman. While this may have once been true for most areas of astrophysics, when it came to quantum physics I was – and continue to be – as lowly as lowly could get.

In Pagels’ words, I was a “determinist.” A determinist is a classical physicist who sees the Continue Reading “Speed versus Accuracy? It All Depends on the Game”

Posted in Business Tips, Gray Matter Musings, Memoir of a Real Life, The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged acausal, determinist, Douglas Adams, Heinz Pagels, Pangloss, Physics, quantum, speed test, The Cosmic Code, The Hitchhiker's Guide the the Galaxy, Uncertainty Principle, Voltaire, Werner Heisenberg

Creative Chaos

By Chris Carosa on March 10, 2011

[This Commentary originally appeared in the March 8, 1990 issue of The Mendon-Honeoye Falls-Lima Sentinel.]

There used to be a car repair commercial about the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Law of Entropy. Here’s something you might not know: Entropy actually lists as the third law of thermodynamics. For a while, physicists viewed entropy as the second most important idea in thermodynamics. Then, they discovered what they now consider the utmost concept in the field. Unfortunately, by the time of the discovery, everyone used the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Law of Entropy interchangeably. The scientists could not very well shift everything down one. It would cause too much confusion.

Physicists, however, can often act as astute problem solvers. Since the nomenclature had already included the terms First and Second, they needed to invent a higher order Continue Reading “Creative Chaos”

Posted in The Compleat Carosa Commentaries Tagged creativity, innovation, inspiration, philosophy, Physics

The Secret of How to Overcome a Sore Throat When Speaking on Solar Neutrinos (or Anything Else)

By Chris Carosa on November 16, 2009

Sometimes physics advances too fast. Haste often creates problems. For example, when physicists developed the idea of the neutrino – a theoretically massless waste product from the thermonuclear furnaces powering stars – they calmly set up several underground experiments to detect these little critters as the sun spit them out. Trouble was, scientists couldn’t see enough of them to satisfy their hypothesis. “The data didn’t fit the theory,” claimed the academic elite, “so there must be something wrong with the data.” For forty years, our leading brains winced at the dilemma of the under counted neutrinos – an apparently unsolvable problem.

Your throat's getting worse. You've got to speak in two hours. How can you do it?

Your throat's getting worse. You've got to speak to the Rotary in just two hours. How can you do it?

But, I’m sure not many of you have visited here to learn how to solve the unsolvable problem of missing solar neutrinos. Here’s a more practical quandary: You’re scheduled to speak in a few hours and you’ve just come down with a cold. Your manager says you can take some over-the-counter thingamajig to solve the runny nose and fever, but that sore throat has you on the edge of laryngitis. What’s a great speaker to do?

Continue Reading “The Secret of How to Overcome a Sore Throat When Speaking on Solar Neutrinos (or Anything Else)”

Posted in Great Speaking Tips Tagged catechism, cold, cough, disk jockey, fever, flu, laryngitis, Mass, neutrino, panic button, personality, Physics, professional, radio, runny nose, science, scientist, show, sneeze, sore throat, Speaker, Speaking, Speech, sun, the voice, thermonuclear, unsolvable, voice, WYBC, Yale